World Cancer Day 2023

 

               February 4, 2023, the international community was celebrating the World Cancer Day. The theme for this year's edition is "Closing the care gaps: uniting our voices and taking action". This year's campaign is a call for like-minded people to come together to build stronger alliances and new, innovative collaborations in the fight against cancer.

Cancer is a major public health problem.

The numbers are worrying. Each year, Africa registers approximately 1.1 million new cases of cancer, and up to 700,000 deaths from the disease. If we believe the forecasts, in the absence of urgent and bold intervention measures, mortality due to cancer will increase considerably to reach nearly one million deaths per year by 2030.

It should be remembered that the most common cancers in adults are cancers of the breast (16.5%), cervix (13.1%) and prostate (9.4%), to which in addition to colorectal cancer (6%) and liver cancer (4.6%). Together, these types of cancer account for nearly half of new cancer cases. Despite considerable data challenges, childhood cancer incidence is estimated at 56.3 cases per million population in sub-Saharan Africa.

Current projections, meanwhile, indicate that Africa will bear almost 50% of the global burden of childhood cancer by 2050, which will require rapid efforts to address this alarming situation, as in the case of the Rwandan girl.

In all, 12 countries in the Region have valid national cancer control plans. The World Health Organization is supporting 11 other countries in developing or updating their national cancer plans. The aim is for these plans to be in harmony with global cancer control initiatives and for these countries to have steering structures responsible for implementing cancer control plans (WHO, 2023).

 

 

 

 

What about the Cameroon context?

 

               Cancer affects and costs the lives of thousands of Cameroonians every year. But this is not inevitable: cancer can be prevented through early detection and, for some, through vaccination.
At least 39,000 Cameroonians are currently living with cancer. Adults are the most affected, with 15,262 new cases among those over 15 years old.
“Breast cancer is the first type of cancer in Cameroon. If all women practiced breast examination, we could at least detect this cancer at an early stage, ”says Dr Esther Dina Belle, oncologist. “The screenings are usually late. »
Cameroonian oncologists believe that cancer is still a public health problem in the country. This disease, they say, evolves differently, in terms of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy but also, in response to different treatments.
Low adherence to vaccines
Although preventable, cervical cancer is still very common in Cameroon. “If the prevalence of cervical cancer is on the rise, it just means that women are not getting their routine screening,” says Dr. Simon Manga, Deputy Director of Clinical Services at Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS).
Cervical cancer begins as a precancerous lesion, which takes an average of 10 years to develop into full-fledged cancer. "Precancerous lesions can only be identified during screening," says Dr. Manga. “And if they are identified, they can be processed or destroyed. This prevents them from progressing to full-fledged cancer.”
Expensive treatments for ordinary Cameroonians
Although the Cameroonian government subsidizes cancer care, high costs remain a major barrier to accessing treatment for a majority of Cameroonians. (GAVI, 2022)
 
               As part of this celebration, the Center for the Development of Best Practice in Health, offers to make available this webography of an overview of researches on Cochrane evidence based published between 2020 and 2023 likely to be of interest to the stakeholders, involved in the fight against the cancers.  The goal of this sythesis of systematics reviews and of this webography is to provide relevants and recents evidence based concerning the prevention and the treatment of the most common cancers in Cameroon. 

Table des matières

World Cancer Day 2023   1

What about the Cameroon context?  2

I-       Cervical cancer   4

1.      Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer (Review)  4

2.      Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer (Review)  4

3.      Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening (Review)  5

II-          Breast cancer   6

4.      Hormone replacement therapy aer surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer (Review)  6

5.      Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptorpositive early breast cancer (Review)  7

6.      Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitorinduced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer (Review)  8

III-        Prostate Cancer   10

7.      Retzius-sparing versus standard robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. (Review)  10

8.      Bisphosphonates or RANK-ligand-inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta-analysis (Review)  11

IV-         Lymphoma Cancer   11

9.      Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma (Review)  12

10.        Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (Review)  13

V-           Liver cancer   14

11.        Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (Review)  14

12.        Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis (Review)  16

Webography   17

Breast Cancer  17

Liver cancer  19

Prostate cancer  28

Lymphoma Cancer  28

Cervical Cancer  35

 

I-       Cervical cancer

1.     Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer (Review)

What is the aim of this review? The aim of this Cochrane Review is to find out whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting drugs, which inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, can improve survival in women with cervical cancer that has spread to distant sites (metastasised) or has not responded to or come back (recurred) aJer initial treatment. These drugs include bevacizumab, cediranib, apatinib, pazopanib, anlotinib, and nintedanib.

Key messages: Bevacizumab plus chemotherapy may improve survival and probably increases specific and serious adverse events, including gastrointestinal perforations throughthe gutwall, blood clot formation(thromboembolic events) in blood vessels, hypertension(increased blood pressure), and bleeding (haemorrhage). Cediranib or apatinib plus chemotherapy, or pazopanib alone, may make little to no diMerence in survival. Pazopanib plus lapatinib may reduce survival.

What are the main results of the review? We found four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that met our inclusion criteria and enrolled 808 women. We found one study, which included 452 women, that assessed the use of bevacizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. The inclusion of bevacizumab may improve overall survival and probably increases the incidences of specific and serious adverse events. A second study analysed 69 women treated with cediranib plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone. Cediranib may make little to no diMerence in survival, and it is uncertain whether it increases the incidences of specific or serious adverse events. Another study with 59 women reported data on the use of apatinib plus chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy) versus chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy alone. Apatinib may make little to no diMerence in survival, but it exhibited promising eMicacy for progression-free survival. We found one study with 228 women that compared pazopanib plus lapatinib versus only lapatinib, or pazopanib versus lapatinib: pazopanib plus lapatinib may reduce survival and probably increases the incidence of hypertension; pazopanib alone may make little to no diMerence in survival and probably increases the incidence of hypertension.

Overall the quality (certainty) of the evidence was low, as each comparison included only one study and most studies were small.

2.     Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer (Review)

The issue

Cancer of the neck of the womb (cervical cancer) is the most common cancer among women up to 65 years of age. A high proportion of women in poor countries are diagnosed with locally advanced cervical cancer (spread to nearby tissues, but no obvious distant spread). They are usually treated with radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy (medical treatment). Hysterectomy (surgery to remove the womb and the cervix) with medical treatment is also used, especially in poor countries where access to radiotherapy is limited.

The aim of the review : Is hysterectomy with medical treatment more beneficial compared to medical treatment alone in women with locally advanced cervical cancer?

How did we conduct the review? A literature search from 1966 to February 2022 identified 11 clinical trials at moderate to high risk of bias. These included 2683 women and compared: hysterectomy with radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone; hysterectomy with chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy plus radiotherapy) versus chemoradiotherapy alone; hysterectomy with chemoradiotherapy versus internalradiotherapy (brachytherapy) with chemoradiotherapy; and hysterectomy preceded by chemotherapy (neoadjuvant, to reduce the size of the cancer) versus radiotherapy alone. We also identified three ongoing trials.

What are the main findings? By combining results from three studies that assessed 571 women, we found that fewer women who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus hysterectomy died than those who received radiotherapy alone.However, many women in the first group also had radiotherapy. There was no diHerence in the number of women who were disease-free aKer treatment. Hysterectomy (radical) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy alone We combined the results of two studies that assessed 1253 women. We found no diHerence in the risk of death between women who received hysterectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who received chemoradiotherapy alone. Side eHects were not wellreported. Results of single trials showed no diHerences in severe side eHects between groups in any comparison. Limited data suggested that the interventions appeared to be reasonably well tolerated, although more evidence is needed. Studies did not report how women's quality of life was aHected.

What are the conclusions? We found insuHicient evidence that hysterectomy added to radiotherapy and chemoradiation improved survival, quality of life or side eHects in women with locally advanced cervical cancer compared with medical treatment alone. Overall, the quality of the evidence was variable and we had concerns about risk of bias. More trials assessing medical management with and without hysterectomy may test the robustness of the findings of this review. Further data from carefully planned trials assessing medical management with and without hysterectomy are likely to impact on how confident we are about these findings.

3.     Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening (Review)

The issue : Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. At present, women are asked to attend cervical screening (also known as a 'smear' or 'Pap test') to detect the presence of high-risk HPV and/or abnormal or pre-cancerous cells. The uptake of cervical screening is low globally. The UK's Cervical Screening Programme has shown that screening can reduce mortality through early detection and treatment of pre-cancerous changes before cancer develops. However, there is variation between and within countries in the availability and uptake of screening. There are also diJerences based on ethnic groups, age, education and socioeconomic status and this needs to be borne in mind when developing interventions to increase uptake.

The aim of this Review : The aim of this review was to look at the methods used to encourage women to undergo cervical screening. These included invitations, reminders, education, message framing, counselling, risk factor assessment, procedures and economic interventions.

What are the main findings? Seventy trials were included in this review, of which 69 trials (257,899 women) were entered into a meta-analysis. Invitations, and to a lesser extent, educational materials probably increase the uptake of cervical screening (moderate-certainty evidence). HPV self-testing, as an alternative to Pap smears, may also increase screening coverage. However, self-testing was not covered in this review and will be considered in a subsequentreview. Lay healthworkers used to promote screening to ethnic minority groups may increase screening uptake (low-certainty evidence). It was diJicult to deduce any meaningful conclusions for other less widely reported interventions such as counselling, risk factor assessment, access to health promotion nurse, photo comic book, intensive recruitment and message framing, due to sparse data and low-certainty evidence. However, having access to a health promotion nurse and attempts at intensive recruitment may increase uptake.

Certainty of the evidence : The majority of the evidence was of a low to moderate certainty (quality) and further research may change these findings. For the majority of trials, the risk of bias was unclear, making it diJicult to make firm assertions from their results.

What are the conclusions? Invitation letters probably increase the uptake of cervical screening, and use of lay health worker involvement amongst ethnic minority populations may do so. Educational interventions may also increase screening; however, it is unclear what format is the most eJective. These findings apply to developed countries and their relevance to low- and middle-income countries is unclear.

II-    Breast cancer

4.     Hormone replacement therapy a_er surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer (Review)

The issue: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) develops from the surface layer of the ovary. It is the eighth most common cancer and the seventh most common cause of death from cancer worldwide in women. The surgical treatment of EOC includes the removal of all visible tumour deposits in the abdomen; this usually includes both ovaries, the uterus (womb), omentum (fatty curtain that hangs from the stomach and transverse colon), and peritoneum, with or without the removal of lymph nodes or other organs. Women who were premenopausal before the procedure go on to experience the menopause as a result of the surgery. This may negatively aJect their quality of life due to symptoms such as hot flushes, mood swings, change of sexual activity, vaginal dryness and loss of bone density. Around a quarter of women, especially younger women, will present with early-stage disease and will be le' with long-term adverse health eJects of a surgically induced menopause. In those women with advanced disease at diagnosis, quality of life is an important factor to consider, as their disease is life-limiting. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) might be eJective for postmenopausal symptoms, but there are serious concerns around the safety of this treatment. These concerns are not just related to cancer, but also to the heart, and they need to be balanced against the positive health eJects of HRT for women with an early menopause. In recent years the safety of HRT has been questioned and doctors may be cautious in prescribing HRT for women who are experiencing surgically-induced menopause a'er treatment for EOC.

The aim of the review: To assess the safety and eJicacy of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal symptoms in women treated surgically for EOC. What were the main findings? We searched for evidence of benefits and harms ofHRT in EOC, up to June 2019. We identified three studies involving a total of 350 women. We found that HRT may improve overall survival and may make little or no diJerence to progression-free survival. We are unsure about the eJects on quality of life, incidence of breast cancer, transient ischaemic attack (also known as 'mini stroke'), cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and myocardial infarction (heart attack), as the certainty of the evidence was very low. There were no reports on the incidence of gallstones.

Quality of the evidence: The certainty of the evidence was low to very low for all outcomes, mainly due to the small number of participants and low numbers of adverse events reported. The certainty of the evidence is also reduced due to the high risk of bias of the included studies, meaning their results might overestimate or underestimate the true eJect of the treatment.

What were the conclusions? Hormone replacement therapy may improve the overall survival in women who are experiencing surgically induced menopause a'er treatment for EOC, but it may make little or no diJerence to survival without the disease getting worse. The overall certainty of these findings is low to very low, mainly due to a lack of information. This is a very important area for further research, which has the potential to make a big impact on many women.

 

5.     Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor_positive early breast cancer (Review)

What is the aim of this review? The aim ofthisCochraneReviewwas to find outwhether adding ovarian function suppression to treatmentfor early breast cancerimproves survival, reduces the risk of cancer coming back, and is safe for premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer. Cochrane Review authors collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer these questions and found 15 studies.

Key messages? Adding ovarian suppression function to therapy improved survival (women lived longer) and reduced the chance of cancer returning in women with operable early breast cancer, but the use of ovarian function suppression appears to increase the risk of hot flushes and may aKect bone health. The decision to use OFS needs to be personalised aJer the risk and benefit profile is considered. What was studied in the review?

Around eight out of ten premenopausal women who develop breast cancer have a type of cancer that is sensitive to hormones, termed 'hormone receptor-positive' disease. To slow the growth of any cancer cells that remain aJer surgery, hormonal therapy can be used to reduce the availability of natural hormone oestrogen to cancer cells. This can be done by blocking oestrogen receptors on the cells with drugs such as tamoxifen, by suppressing the production of oestrogen by drugs called luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, or by removing the ovaries with surgery or impairing their ability to produce hormones using radiotherapy. This review examined the role of ovarian function suppression (i.e. LHRH agonists, removal of the ovaries, or radiation-induced ovarian suppression) for premenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer. The practice of suppressing ovarian function in addition to providing othertreatments has been of interest overthe last five years, as new data from clinical trials have become available. A review of these data is needed to find the benefits of adding ovarian function suppression to treatment, to identify side eKects from ovarian function suppression, and to discover how treatment is aKecting a woman's overall well-being (quality of life). The funding source forthe conduct ofthese studies was government (four studies), government and pharmaceutical companies combined (three studies), government and not-for-profit organisations combined (two studies), not-for-profit organisations and pharmaceutical companies (two studies), and a pharmaceutical company (one study); three studies did not report a funding source.

What are the main results of the review? Review authors found 15 relevant studies involving 11,538 women. To achieve ovarian function suppression, nine studies used LHRH agonists (most used goserelin), two studies induced ovarian function suppression through surgery, and four studies allowed any method (LHRH agonists, surgery, or radiotherapy). LHRH agonists were given to women for a minimum of one year. The woman's health was monitored for at least two years from the start of the study. Some studies monitored women for over 12 years. Review authors found that adding ovarian suppression function to treatment:

• improves survival and reduces the risk of cancer coming back compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression;

• appears to increase the chance of severe hot flushes compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression;

• probably reduces the risk of a second breast cancer in the other breast compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression;

• may or may not have an eKect on mood (e.g. anxiety, depression) compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression;

• may increase the risk of osteoporosis compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression (however, this finding was based on one study); and

• may make little or no diKerence in quality of life for women compared to treatment without ovarian function suppression. Five of 15 studies provided some information on the quality of life of women.

How up-to-date is this review? The review authors searched for studies that had been published up to September 2019.

 

6.     Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor_induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer (Review)

What was the aim of this review? Hormonal therapy with aromatase inhibitors is used to treat a type of early breast cancer (hormone-receptor positive) in women aJer the menopause. AI cause side eEects including joint and muscle pains and stiEness (aromatase inhibitors musculoskeletal symptoms, or so_called AIMSS), which may cause some women to stop taking their aromatase inhibitors, and potentially worsen survival. The aim of this Cochrane Review was to examine whether systemic therapies (treatments that reach cells throughout the body by travelling through the bloodstream) can prevent or treat AIMSS. The authors collected and analysed all relevant studies to answer this question.

Key messages : It is very unclear if systemic therapies improve, worsen or make no diEerence to pain or quality of life for women taking aromatase inhibitors. Most of the evidence was of very low quality. It was very unclear if systemic therapies for AIMSS were safe.

What did the review study? We looked at research studies of systemic therapies, which included medicines, vitamins, and complementary and alternative medicines, to see if these could prevent or treat the joint and muscle pains and stiEness of women taking aromatase inhibitors. We included trials of systemic therapies compared to placebo (dummy treatment), orto standard treatments. Women treated with aromatase inhibitors for early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer were included. Most studies were for treatment of AIMSS. Outcomes that were studied included changes in pain, stiEness, hand strength (grip strength), safety and side eEects of the study treatments, number of women continuing to take their aromatase inhibitors, quality of life for women, how many women developed muscle and joint aches from their aromatase inhibitors, and survival.

What were the main results of this review? AJer collecting and analysing all the relevant studies, we found 17 studies with 2034 women included. DiEerent numbers of women were involved in these studies, ranging from 37 to 299. Four studies looked at systemic therapies to prevent the joint and muscle pains from aromatase inhibitors; 13 studies investigated systemic therapies to treat these symptoms. Ten studies were carried out in the USA, three in China, two in Australia, one in Italy and one in Brazil. Many of the studies had low numbers of women and this may have made it diEicult to find small diEerences. There were problems with some studies being at risk of bias. Other problems were because several studies had not fully published information abouttheirtreatmentingredients ortheirresults, so that some data were not available forreview or analysis. In addition, studies used many diEerent types of treatment, and it was not appropriate to combine their results in analysis.

AIMSS prevention studies : It is unclear whether any of these studies found a positive or negative eEect on pain, and on the number of women who developed AIMSS because ofthe very low quality evidence. Systemic therapies may have little to no eEect on grip strength, quality of life or on women continuing to take their aromatase inhibitors (low-quality evidence). None of the studies looked at stiEness.

AIMSS treatment studies : It is unclear whether any of these studies found a positive or negative eEect on pain, stiEness and quality of life of women because of the very low-quality evidence. Systemic therapies likely result in little to no change on grip strength in women with AIMSS (low-quality evidence). None of the studies looked at the number of women continuing to take aromatase inhibitors or who developed AIMSS, or their survival.

Safety : We do not know if systemic therapies for AIMSS are safe as the evidence is very uncertain. There were no serious side eEects. One treatment, duloxetine, resulted in an increase in side eEects for women, and one treatment, etoricoxib, had a safety alert during the trial. Length of monitoring of women for many studies was short. Safety data should be interpreted with caution.

How up-to-date is this review? The last search for studies (published and ongoing) in this review was in September 2020 within the specified databases and in March 2021 in the Cochrane Breast Cancer's Specialised Register.

III- Prostate Cancer

7.     Retzius-sparing versus standard robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. (Review)

Review question : In men with prostate cancer who are having their prostate removed using surgery assisted by a robotic device (called robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or RALP), how does an approach that leaves the tissue connections between the front of the bladder to the back of the abdominal wall intact (so-called Retzius-sparing RALP) compare to surgery where these connections are cut (standard RALP).

Background : Urologists oDen use a robot to remove the prostate in men with prostate cancer. ADer surgery, men have a catheter that drains urine from their bladder. When this is removed, most men leak urine for some time. This problem is called incontinence and usually gets better within six to 12 months in most men. However, it can be very bothersome during this time.

Study characteristics : We included five studies in which chance determined whether men had Retzius-sparing RALP or standard RALP. These studies included 571 men with an average age of about 65 years. The average prostate-specific antigen level (PSA; higher levels of which may indicate that the man has prostate cancer) was 6.9 ng/mL and a little over half (54.2%) had prostate cancer that was found based on the PSA level but could not felt on rectal exam. In 233/331 (70.4%) men, they tried to spare the nerves that are responsible for erections.

Key results : We found that the Retzius-sparing RALP probably improves continence within one week aDer the catheter comes out. It may also improve continence three months aDer surgery. We are very uncertain how serious unwanted eKects compare between the two ways of doing the surgery. Continence aDer Retzius-sparing RALP may also be better aDer six months. At 12 months, continence is probably similar. Men who have Retzius-sparing RALP may be more likely to have positive surgical margins, meaning they still have cancer cells right at the cut edge of the prostate when viewed under the microscope. This may make it more likely that the cancer will come back. We are very uncertain aboutthe eKect of Retzius-sparing RALP on PSA levelthat goes up within 12 months of surgery, which signals thatthere is cancer leD behind. Urinary quality of life at three months may be similar with both types of surgery. We are very uncertain how Retzius-sparing RALP aKects the ability to achieve an erection.

Quality of the evidence : The quality of evidence ranged from moderate to very low depending on the outcome, meaning that we have moderate to very low confidence in the results.

8.     Bisphosphonates or RANK-ligand-inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases: a network meta-analysis (Review)

Review question : In this systematic review we aimed to compare diHerent agents to prevent skeletal complications in men with prostate cancer and bone metastases and to provide a ranking of these treatment options. We looked at diHerent outcomes like reduction in pain, prevention of diHerent skeletal-related events, occurrence of adverse events, and quality of life. We wanted to find out which bone-modifying agent is most eHective while causing the fewest adverse events when given as supportive treatment to men with prostate cancer and bone metastases.

Background : The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. Prostate cancer can spread to other parts ofthe body (called metastases) including the bones. Bone metastases in men with prostate cancer may lead to skeletal complications like fractures or pain.DiHerent bone-modifying agents are used as supportive treatment to prevent skeletal complications through formation of new bone mass. Until now no clear recommendations could be given about which agents are the most eHective while also causing the fewest adverse events. We used statistical methods to compare all agents with each other based on the available information.

Study characteristics : We conducted thorough searches in various databases until 23 March 2020. We included 25 studies comparing diHerent bone-modifying agents with each other or against no further treatment or placebo treatment (dummy treatment) in men with prostate cancer and bone metastases.

Key results : Twenty-one of the 25 included studies reported data for our predefined patient-relevant outcomes. A total of seven diHerent agents were included, six bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid, risedronate, pamidronate, alendronate, etidronate, and clodronate) and one other agent, denosumab. Analysis was only possible for each outcome of interest separately. Considering skeletal-related events, zoledronic acid and denosumab appeared to be the most eHective, but also seemed to cause the most and worst adverse events (like renal impairment for treatment with zoledronic acid and osteonecrosis of the jaw for denosumab). Most of the included studies did not report data on quality of life or reported it very poorly, so that we could not analyse this outcome combining the information from diHerent studies. The results were therefore described with words.

Certainty of the evidence : We rated the certainty of the evidence as high to low for the diHerent agents and outcomes. A limitation of this review is that an overall ranking considering all outcomes at the same time is not possible. In order to make an informed decision about which treatment option should be used, one therefore must look at all the outcomes of interest and balance the pros and cons of each option.

IV-  Lymphoma Cancer

9.     Chemotherapy alone versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for adults with early stage Hodgkin lymphoma (Review)

Background : Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a malignancy of the lymphatic system. It occurs in children and adults, but it is more common in the third decade of life. It is one of the most curable forms of cancer. There are four stages of HL, stages I and II are considered as early stage HL and stages III and IV as advanced stage.Using risk factors such as presence or absence of bulky disease and presence or absence of B-symptoms, like night sweats or fever, early stage HL is further classified into early favourable and early unfavourable stages. Treatment options are chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both. Radiotherapy may have, more treatment- related side eFects than chemotherapy, including second malignancies; this applies at least to the large treatment fields used in the past. However, with modern, very limited treatment fields, the risks of long-term side eFects caused by radiotherapy have been reduced significantly. Review question This systematic review compares overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in adults with early stage HL aNer receiving chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus radiotherapy.

Study characteristics : We searched important medical databases such as the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE. Two review authors independently screened, summarised and analysed the results. This led to the inclusion of seven randomised controlled trials involving with 2564 patients. The evidence provided is current to December 2016.

Key results : For the comparison of chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with the same number of chemotherapy cycles in both arms, this systematic review found no evidence for a diFerence regarding OS between the interventions, however, two included trials had potential other high risk of bias due to a high number of patients not receiving radiotherapy as planned beforehand. ANer excluding these trials ina further analysis,OSwas superiorinadults receiving chemotherapyplus radiotherapy thaninthose receiving chemotherapy alone. PFS was also superior in adults receiving chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. Most trials reported adverse events (AEs), but in diFerent ways. Because of insuFicient comparable data we focused on adverse events considered of particular interest. For infection- related mortality, second cancer- related mortality and cardiac disease- related mortality, there was no evidence for a diFerence between treatment groups. For complete response rate (CRR) there was no evidence for a diFerence between treatment groups either. For the comparison of chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with diFerent numbers of chemotherapy cycles in the arms, OS was reported in one trial only. The use of chemotherapy alone may improve OS compared to chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. There was no evidence for a diFerence between treatment groups regarding PFS. ANer excluding one trial with patients not receiving the planned therapy the results showed that chemotherapy plus radiotherapy improved PFS. For infection- related mortality, second cancer_related mortality and cardiac disease- related mortality, there is no evidence for a diFerence between treatment groups. CR was not reported.

Quality of evidence : For the same number of chemotherapy cycles in both arms, we judged the quality of evidence for OS and PFS as moderate, for AEs and CR as low. For diFerent numbers of chemotherapy cycles in the arms, we considered the quality of evidence for OS, PFS and AEs to be low.

Conclusion : This systematic review compared the eFects of chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy in adults with early stage HL . For the comparison with same numbers of chemotherapy cycles in both arms we found moderate- quality evidence that PFS is superior in patients receiving chemotherapy plus radiotherapy than in those receiving chemotherapy alone. The addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy has probably little or no diFerence on OS. A further analysis without the trials with potential other high risk of bias showed that chemotherapy plus radiotherapy improves OS (both analyses moderate- quality evidence). Forthe comparison of chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with diFerent numbers of chemotherapy cycles between the arms there were no implications for OS and PFS possible, because of the low quality of evidence of the results.

10.Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (Review)

Background : The most common type of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). About 5% of NSCLC will be driven by a gene mutation known as anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Targeted treatments for those with advanced (not curable) ALK-mutated NSCLC cancer have been developed and found to be more eNective than chemotherapy. The first ALK inhibitor to be developed was crizotinib. Newer ALK-targeted drugs have also been developed and include ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib, ensartinib, and lorlatinib. In this reviewwe looked attreatments that target ALK-mutated NSCLC to find out how well they work.

Objectives : The primary objective of this review was to find out whether people with ALK-mutated NSCLC given treatments targeted towards ALK live longer without recurrence and have fewer side eNects than those treated with chemotherapy. We also planned to evaluate whether newer ALK-targeted drugs achieve this better than crizotinib.

Study characteristics : We searched the main medical databases and records of conferences up to 7 January 2021. We found 11 studies (2874 participants): six studies compared an ALK-targeted drug to chemotherapy, and five studies compared a newer ALK-targeted drug to crizotinib. The studies were conducted in people with advanced ALK-mutated NSCLC using these drugs as theirfirst orlatertreatment. A total of five diNerent ALK inhibitors were used across studies: alectinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, and lorlatinib. Results People treated with ALK-targeted drugs lived longer withouttheir cancer growing than those on chemotherapy. These improvements were also seen in people with cancer that had spread to the brain. People receiving ALK-targeted drugs lived longer overall, even when some had received chemotherapy first. ALK-targeted drugs cause a similar number of side eNects as chemotherapy. ALK-targeted drugs caused more tumours to reduce in size and resulted in a longer time until worsening of symptoms when compared to chemotherapy. People treated with newer ALK-targeted drugs lived longer withouttheir cancer growing than those receiving crizotinib, including in people with cancer involving the brain. People treated with newer ALK-targeted drugs as first treatment were likely to live longer overall with a similar number of overall side eNects. Newer ALK-targeted drugs caused more tumours to reduce in size when compared to crizotinib. The evidence for most reported measures was of moderate or high certainty.

Conclusions : The best first treatment for people with incurable ALK-mutated lung cancer is a newer ALK inhibitor such as alectinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, or lorlatinib. More studies are needed to determine which of these options is best and what treatment should be used when the cancer grows aSer these medicines have been given.

V-     Liver cancer

11.Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (Review)

Background : When cancer spreads to other sites in the body, one of the most common sites is the liver. Besides cancer of the liver (primary, or original liver cancer), liver metastases (new cancers that develop in parts of the body besides the original cancer) from colorectal cancer are the most common cancers a_ecting the liver. More than half of the people whose cancer spread to the liver die from complications. Metastases in the liver can be destroyed using several di_erent methods; one of these is electrocoagulation by diathermy. This method requires that a special electrode be placed in or near the cancer site. The electrode is used to transmit high-frequency electrical currents, which generate high temperatures. This causes the proteins within the tissue to coagulate, or clot, thereby destroying it. The electrode is positioned by cutting into the abdomen with a laparotomy (open surgery) or a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery).

Methods : We looked for randomised clinical trials that assessed the e_ect of electrocoagulation by diathermy, administered alone or with another intervention, versus no intervention, or any other treatment, in people with cancer of any location that had spread to the liver. We looked at the e_ect of electrocoagulation on the risk of death, quality of life, adverse events (unwanted e_ects caused by the intervention), time to death, failure to clear liver metastases or recurrence of liver metastases, time to progression of liver metastases, and tumour response. Background When cancer spreads to other sites in the body, one of the most common sites is the liver. Besides cancer of the liver (primary, or original liver cancer), liver metastases (new cancers that develop in parts of the body besides the original cancer) from colorectal cancer are the most common cancers a_ecting the liver. More than half of the people whose cancer spread to the liver die from complications. Metastases in the liver can be destroyed using several di_erent methods; one of these is electrocoagulation by diathermy. This method requires that a special electrode be placed in or near the cancer site. The electrode is used to transmit high-frequency electrical currents, which generate high temperatures. This causes the proteins within the tissue to coagulate, or clot, thereby destroying it. The electrode is positioned by cutting into the abdomen with a laparotomy (open surgery) or a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery). Methods We looked for randomised clinical trials that assessed the e_ect of electrocoagulation by diathermy, administered alone or with another intervention, versus no intervention, or any other treatment, in people with cancer of any location that had spread to the liver. We looked at the e_ect of electrocoagulation on the risk of death, quality of life, adverse events (unwanted e_ects caused by the intervention), time to death, failure to clear liver metastases or recurrence of liver metastases, time to progression of liver metastases, and tumour response.

Studies characteristics : We last searched for evidence on 6October 2020.We only identified one randomised clinicaltrial. The trial allocated participants atrandom to fourintervention groups: electrocoagulation (use of diathermy) alone; electrocoagulation plus dimethyl sulphoxide; electrocoagulation plus allopurinol; versus a control group, which only received a solution of allopurinol by mouth. The treatment was started on the fiMh day aMer surgical removal of the sigmoid colon (last section of the bowel), and participants were followed for five years. The trial included 306 participants, but data were only collected on 223 participants.

Key results : On the basis of one randomised clinical trial, at high risk of bias and few participants, we found insu_icient evidence to detect whether electrocoagulation by diathermy alone, compared with a solution of allopurinol (control), made a di_erence in risk of death and post_operative death for people with liver metastases from colon cancer; electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or dimethyl sulphoxide may slightly decrease the risk of death compared with the control intervention, but the evidence is also insu_icient and uncertain. It is very uncertain if there is a di_erence in post-operative death between the electrocoagulation combined with allopurinol or dimethyl sulphoxide group versus the control intervention. The data on other adverse events and complications, recurrence of liver metastases, time to progression of liver metastases, tumour response, and health-related quality of life were either lacking or insu_icient for analysis.

Quality of evidence : We judged the evidence to be of low to very low certainty because the trial was not properly performed, putting it at high risk of bias regarding the reliability ofthe obtained data. The trial included a relatively small number of participants and it described overallfewevents. The reported results were insu_icient as only few outcomes of interest to people with liver metastases and their doctors were reported. Electrocoagulation by diathermy is no longer used in the way it is described in the trial as it has been replaced by other techniques. This could be a reason for the lack of further trials.

12.Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis (Review)

What is the aim of this Cochrane Review? To find out if any lifestyle modifications decrease the eIect of nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease on lifespan, health-related quality of life, chronic liver disease and its complications, and whether they cause any harms. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an accumulation of fat in the liver in people who have no history of significant alcohol consumption,useofmedicines,diseases suchashepatitisCvirus infection,orother conditions suchas starvationthat candamage the liver. Fatty liver can lead to liver damage resulting in inflammation (nonalcohol-related steatohepatitis (NASH)) or liver scarring (liver cirrhosis). Various medical treatments have been tried for the treatment of NAFLD. However, there is currently no evidence that any of them work. Lifestyle modifications have the potential to decrease the liver damage, but whether they achieve this is currently unclear. The authors of this review collected and analysed all relevant randomised clinical trials with the aim of finding out what is the best treatment. We found 59 randomised clinicaltrials (studies where participants are randomly assigned to one oftwo treatment groups). During analysis of data, the review authors used standard Cochrane methods, which allow comparison of only two treatments at a time. We also planned to use advanced techniques that allow comparison of multiple treatments atthe same time, usually referred as 'network (orindirect) meta_analysis'.

Date of literature search February 2021.

What we studied in the review? This review looked at people of any sex, age (including children), and ethnic origin, with NAFLD. We excluded studies in people who had previously had liver transplantation. The average age of participants, when reported, ranged from 13 years to 65 years. Participants were given diIerent treatments, ranging from advice to supervised exercise and special diets, or a combination of these and no intervention, in addition to the public health advice.Wewanted to gather and analyse data on death, quality oflife, serious and non-serious adverse events, severe liver damage, complications resulting from severe liver damage, liver cancer, and deaths due to liver damage ('clinical outcomes').

What were the main results of the review? The 59 studies included a small number of participants (3631 participants). Study data were sparse. Twenty-eight studies with 1942 participants provided data for analyses. The follow-up of the trial participants ranged from 1 month to 24 months. For trials that reported clinical outcomes, follow-up was 2 months to 24 months. Only two small trials did not raise major concerns for bias (deviation from truth because of the way the trials were conducted), and because of this, there is considerable uncertainty about the findings of this review. The review shows that: - During a follow-up period of 2 to 24 months, clinically important outcomes related to NAFLD such as deaths were rare and none of the participants developed liver-related complications such as liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver decompensation (complications because of scarring of the liver), liver transplantation, liver cancer, or deaths due to liver disease. This is probably because the trial participants were followed for too short a time. - The evidence indicates considerable uncertainty about the eIect of the interventions on any of the clinical outcomes. - Future well-designed randomised clinicaltrials are needed to find outthe bestlifestyle modifications for people withNAFLD. Liver-related complications develop over 8 to 28 years. It is therefore unlikely that diIerences in clinical outcomes will become apparent in trials with less than 5 years to 10 years of follow-up. Sample sizes also need to be much larger.

Webography

Breast Cancer

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  2. Bui, K., Willson, M., Goel, S., Beith, J., & Goodwin, A. (2020). Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor‐positive early breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013538
  3. de Baat, E., Mulder, R., Armenian, S., Feijen, E., Grotenhuis, H., Hudson, M., Mavinkurve-Groothuis, A., Kremer, L., & van Dalen, E. (2022). Dexrazoxane for preventing or reducing cardiotoxicity in adults and children with cancer receiving anthracyclines. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014638.pub2
  4. 4. Egger, S., Chan, M., Luo, Q., & Wilcken, N. (2020). Platinum‐containing regimens for triple‐negative metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013750
  5. Hoon, S.-N., Lau, P. H., White, A., Bulsara, M., Banks, P., & Redfern, A. (2021). Capecitabine for hormone receptor‐positive versus hormone receptor‐negative breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011220.pub2
  6. 6. Kampling, H., Baumeister, H., Bengel, J., & Mittag, O. (2021). Prevention of depression in adults with long‐term physical conditions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011246.pub2
  7. Klifto, K., Elhelali, A., Payne, R., Cooney, C., Manahan, M., & Rosson, G. (2021). Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013290.pub2
  8. 8. Mittermeier, T., Farrant, C., & Wise, M. (2020). Levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system for endometrial hyperplasia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012658.pub2
  9. Nejstgaard, C., Bero, L., Hróbjartsson, A., Jørgensen, A., Jørgensen, K., Le, M., & Lundh, A. (2020). Conflicts of interest in clinical guidelines, advisory committee reports, opinion pieces, and narrative reviews : Associations with recommendations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000040.pub3
  10. Roberts, K., Adsett, I., Rickett, K., Conroy, S., Chatfield, M., & Woodward, N. (2022). Systemic therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013167.pub2
  11. Roberts, K., Rickett, K., Feng, S., Vagenas, D., & Woodward, N. (2020). Exercise therapies for preventing or treating aromatase inhibitor‐induced musculoskeletal symptoms in early breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012988.pub2
  12. Romero, S., Young, K., Hickey, M., & Su, H. (2020). Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007245.pub4
  13. Saeaib, N., Peeyananjarassri, K., Liabsuetrakul, T., Buhachat, R., & Myriokefalitaki, E. (2020). Hormone replacement therapy after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012559.pub2
  14. torman D, Swierz MJ, Riemsma RP, Wolff R, Mitus JW, Pedziwiatr M, Kleijnen J, Bala MM.(2021). Electrocoagulation for liver metastases. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009497.pub3/epdf/full
  15. Tattersall, A., Ryan, N., Wiggans, A., Rogozińska, E., & Morrison, J. (2022). Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007929.pub4
  16. Taylor, A., Chan, Dl. H., Tio, M., Patil, S., Traina, T., Robson, M., & Khasraw, M. (2021). PARP (Poly ADP‐Ribose Polymerase) inhibitors for locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011395.pub2
  17. Chhabra, A., Roy Chowdhury, A., Prabhakar, H., Subramaniam, R., Arora, Mk., Srivastava, A., & Kalaivani, M. (2021). Paravertebral anaesthesia with or without sedation versus general anaesthesia for women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012968.pub2

Liver cancer

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  2. Bofill Rodriguez, M., Lethaby, A., Farquhar, C., & Duffy, J. (2020). Interventions commonly available during pandemics for heavy menstrual bleeding : An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013651.pub2
  3. Broderick, C., Kobayashi, S., Suto, M., Ito, S., & Kobayashi, T. (2023). Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014884.pub2
  4. Burns, J., Movsisyan, A., Stratil, J., Biallas, R., Coenen, M., Emmert-Fees, K., Geffert, K., Hoffmann, S., Horstick, O., Laxy, M., & et al. (2021). International travel‐related control measures to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013717.pub2
  5. Burton, M., Clarkson, J., Goulao, B., Glenny, A.-M., McBain, A., Schilder, A., Webster, K., & Worthington, H. (2020c). Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013626.pub2
  6. Cheetham, S., Ngo, H., Liira, J., & Liira, H. (2021). Education and training for preventing sharps injuries and splash exposures in healthcare workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012060.pub2
  7. Chong, L.-Y., Head, K., Webster, K., Daw, J., Richmond, P., Snelling, T., Bhutta, M., Schilder, A., Burton, M., & Brennan-Jones, C. (2021a). Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013052.pub2
  8. Chong, L.-Y., Head, K., Webster, K., Daw, J., Richmond, P., Snelling, T., Bhutta, M., Schilder, A., Burton, M., & Brennan-Jones, C. (2021b). Topical versus systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013053.pub2
  9. Chuai, Y., Rizzuto, I., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Dai, G., Otter, S., Bharathan, R., Stewart, A., & Wang, A. (2021). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013348.pub2
  10. Cochrane, A., Chen, C., Stephen, J., Rønning, O., Anderson, C., Hankey, G., & Al-Shahi Salman, R. (2023). Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012144.pub3
  11. Cohen, J., Pauchard, J.-Y., Hjelm, N., Cohen, R., & Chalumeau, M. (2020). Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012431.pub2
  12. Conterno, L., Turchi, M., Corrêa, I., & Monteiro de Barros Almeida, R. (2020). Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010599.pub2
  13. Cooke, G., Watson, C., Deckx, L., Pirotta, M., Smith, J., & van Driel, M. (2022). Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009151.pub2
  14. Cooper, S., Schmidt, B.-M., Sambala, E., Swartz, A., Colvin, C., Leon, N., & Wiysonge, C. (2021). Factors that influence parents’ and informal caregivers’ views and practices regarding routine childhood vaccination : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013265.pub2
  15. Cross, A., Liang, J., Thomas, D., Zairina, E., Abramson, M., & George, J. (2022). Educational interventions for health professionals managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012652.pub2
  16. Davidson, M., Menon, S., Chaimani, A., Evrenoglou, T., Ghosn, L., Graña, C., Henschke, N., Cogo, E., Villanueva, G., Ferrand, G., & et al. (2022). Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015308

 

  1. De Sutter, A., Eriksson, L., & van Driel, M. (2022). Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004976.pub4
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  3. de Sévaux, J., Venekamp, R., Lutje, V., Hak, E., Schilder, A., Sanders, E., & Damoiseaux, R. (2020). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001480.pub6
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  7. Doody, C., Robertson, L., Cox, K., Bogue, J., Egan, J., & Sarma, K. (2021). Pre‐deployment programmes for building resilience in military and frontline emergency service personnel. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013242.pub2
  8. Filippini, G., Kruja, J., & Del Giovane, C. (2021). Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013874.pub2
  9. Fraser, A., & Poole, P. (2022). Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013343.pub2
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  18. Han, M., Maisch, P., Jung, J., Hwang, J., Narayan, V., Cleves, A., Hwang, E., & Dahm, P. (2021). Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009294.pub3
  19. Head, K., Chong, L., Bhutta, M., Morris, P., Vijayasekaran, S., Burton, M., Schilder, A., & Brennan‐Jones, C. (2020). Topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013055.pub2
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  23. Hofmann, F., Hwang, E., Lam, T., Bex, A., Yuan, Y., Marconi, L., & Ljungberg, B. (2020). Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012796.pub2
  24. Houghton, C., Dowling, M., Meskell, P., Hunter, A., Gardner, H., Conway, A., Treweek, S., Sutcliffe, K., Noyes, J., Devane, D., & et al. (2020). Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000045.pub2
  25. Jefferson, T., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L., van Driel, M., Bawazeer, G., Jones, M., Hoffmann, T., Clark, J., Beller, E., & et al. (2023). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6
  26. Kikuchi, S., Imai, H., Tani, Y., Tajiri, T., & Watanabe, N. (2020). Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013113.pub2
  27. Kimber, C., Valk, S., Chai, K., Piechotta, V., Iannizzi, C., Monsef, I., Wood, E., Lamikanra, A., Roberts, D., McQuilten, Z., & et al. (2023). Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015167.pub2
  28. Kokka, F., Bryant, A., Olaitan, A., Brockbank, E., Powell, M., & Oram, D. (2022). Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010260.pub3
  29. Kornelsen, E., Mahant, S., Parkin, P., Ren, L., Reginald, Y., Shah, S., & Gill, P. (2021). Corticosteroids for periorbital and orbital cellulitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013535.pub2
  30. Pugh, D., O’Sullivan, E., Duthie, F., Masson, P., & Kavanagh, D. (2021). Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012862.pub2
  31. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Nevitt, S. (2022). Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub3
  32. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Owusu-Ofori, S. (2021). Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub5
  33. Reis, S., Metzendorf, M.-I., Kuehn, R., Popp, M., Gagyor, I., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2022). Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub2
  34. Robertson, N., Schoonees, A., Brand, A., & Visser, J. (2020). Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
  35. Sathianathen, N., Oestreich, M., Brown, Sj., Gupta, S., Konety, B., Dahm, P., & Kunath, F. (2020). Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013245.pub2
  36. Schmidt, S., Kunath, F., Coles, B., Draeger, D., Krabbe, L., Dersch, R., Kilian, S., Jensen, K., Dahm, P., & Meerpohl, J. (2020). Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011935.pub2
  37. Sharif, S., Heath, P., Oddie, S., & McGuire, W. (2022). Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014067.pub2
  38. Simpson, T., Clarkson, J., Worthington, H., MacDonald, L., Weldon, J., Needleman, I., Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Wild, S., Qureshi, A., Walker, A., & et al. (2022). Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub4
  39. Singh, B., Ryan, H., Kredo, T., Chaplin, M., & Fletcher, T. (2021). Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2
  40. Singh, J., Shah, N., & Mudano, A. (2021). Belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010668.pub2
  41. Spinks, A., Glasziou, P., & Del Mar, C. (2021). Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5
  42. Staley, H., Shiraz, A., Shreeve, N., Bryant, A., Martin-Hirsch, P., & Gajjar, K. (2021). Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002834.pub3
  43. Stegeman, I., Ochodo, E., Guleid, F., Holtman, GA., Yang, B., Davenport, C., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Dittrich, S., Emperador, D., & et al. (2020). Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013787
  44. Stephens, M., Bartley, C., & Dumville, J. (2022). Pressure redistributing static chairs for preventing pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013644.pub2
  45. Stratil, J., Biallas, R., Burns, J., Arnold, L., Geffert, K., Kunzler, A., Monsef, I., Stadelmaier, J., Wabnitz, K., Litwin, T., & et al. (2021). Non‐pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long‐term care facilities to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections and their consequences : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015085.pub2
  46. Stroehlein, J., Wallqvist, J., Iannizzi, C., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Benstoem, C., Meybohm, P., Becker, M., Skoetz, N., Stegemann, M., & et al. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19 : A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015043
  47. Struyf, T., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C., Leeflang, M., Spijker, R., Hooft, L., Emperador, D., Domen, J., & et al. (2022). Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3
  48. Taylor, M., Thomas, R., Oliver, S., & Garner, P. (2022). Community views on mass drug administration for filariasis : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013638.pub2
  49. Tian, F., Jiang, Q., Chen, J., & Liu, Z. (2023). Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013878.pub2
  50. Vallejo, M., Reyes, P., Martinez Garcia, M., & Gonzalez Garay, A. (2020). Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004102.pub3
  51. Vasudevan, L., Glenton, C., Henschke, N., Maayan, N., Eyers, J., Fønhus, M., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., & Lewin, S. (2021). Birth and death notification via mobile devices : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012909.pub2
  52. Verbeek, J., Rajamaki, B., Ijaz, S., Sauni, R., Toomey, E., Blackwood, B., Tikka, C., Ruotsalainen, J., & Kilinc Balci, F. (2020). Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5
  53. Vonasek, B., Ness, T., Takwoingi, Y., Kay, A., van Wyk, S., Ouellette, L., Marais, B., Steingart, K., & Mandalakas, A. (2021). Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013693.pub2
  54. Wagner, C., Griesel, M., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Fischer, A.-L., Stegemann, M., Spagl, M., Nair, Aa., Daniel, J., Fichtner, F., & et al. (2022). Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 : Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014963.pub2
  55. Walters, G., Willis, N., Cooper, T., & Craig, J. (2020). Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003232.pub4
  56. Webster, K., O’Byrne, L., MacKeith, S., Philpott, C., Hopkins, C., & Burton, M. (2022). Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013877.pub3
  57. Welch, V., Dewidar, O., Tanjong Ghogomu, E., Abdisalam, S., Al Ameer, A., Barbeau, V., Brand, K., Kebedom, K., Benkhalti, M., Kristjansson, E., & et al. (2022). How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000028.pub3
  58. Zhao, Y., Dong, B., & Hao, Q. (2022). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4
  59. Zhu, J., Yuan, Y., Wan, X., Yin, D., Li, R., Chen, W., Suo, C., & Song, H. (2021). Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011300.pub3

Prostate cancer

  1. Jakob, T., Tesfamariam, Y., Macherey, S., Kuhr, K., Adams, A., Monsef, I., Heidenreich, A., & Skoetz, N. (2020). Bisphosphonates or RANK‐ligand‐inhibitors for men with prostate cancer and bone metastases : A network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013020.pub2
  2. Rosenberg, J., Jung, J., Edgerton, Z., Lee, H., Lee, S., Bakker, C., & Dahm, P. (2020). Retzius‐sparing versus standard robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013641.pub2

Lymphoma Cancer

  1. Aldin A, Umlauff L, Estcourt LJ, Collins G, Moons KG, Engert A, Kobe C, von Tresckow B, Haque M, Foroutan F, Kreuzberger N, Trivella M, Skoetz N. Interim PET‐results for prognosis in adults with Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prognostic factor studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012643.pub3/full
  2. Cameron LB, Hitchen N, Chandran E, Morris T, Manser R, Solomon BJ, Jordan V. Targeted therapy for advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013453.pub2/epdf/full
  3. Cooke, G., Watson, C., Deckx, L., Pirotta, M., Smith, J., & van Driel, M. (2022). Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009151.pub2
  4. de Zwart V, Gouw SC, Meyer‐Wentrup FAG. Antibody therapies for lymphoma in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011181.pub2/full
  5. Ernst M, Oeser A, Besiroglu B, Caro-Valenzuela J, Abd El Aziz M, Monsef I, Borchmann P, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N, Goldkuhle M. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy for people with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013365.pub2/full
  6. Mikolajewska, A., Fischer, A.-L., Piechotta, V., Mueller, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Becker, M., Dorando, E., Pacheco, R., Martimbianco, A., Riera, R., & et al. (2021). Colchicine for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015045
  7. Montesinos-Guevara, C., Buitrago-Garcia, D., Felix, M., Guerra, C., Hidalgo, R., Martinez-Zapata, M., & Simancas-Racines, D. (2022). Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002190.pub6
  8. Norman, G., Wong, J., Amin, K., Dumville, J., & Pramod, S. (2022). Reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012032.pub3
  9. Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Siebert, U., Ledinger, D., Zachariah, C., & et al. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID‐19 : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013574.pub2
  10. Nyirenda, J., Sofroniou, M., Toews, I., Mikolajewska, A., Lehane, C., Monsef, I., Abu-taha, A., Maun, A., Stegemann, M., & Schmucker, C. (2022). Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015391
  11. Obiero, J., Ogongo, P., Mwethera, P., & Wiysonge, C. (2021). Topical microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007961.pub3
  12. O’Byrne, L., Webster, K., MacKeith, S., Philpott, C., Hopkins, C., & Burton, M. (2022). Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013876.pub3
  13. O’Connell, N., Ferraro, M., Gibson, W., Rice, A., Vase, L., Coyle, D., & Eccleston, C. (2021). Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013756.pub2
  14. Oliphant, N., Manda, S., Daniels, K., Odendaal, W., Besada, D., Kinney, M., White Johansson, E., & Doherty, T. (2021). Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012882.pub2
  15. Oniyangi, O., & Cohall, D. (2020). Phytomedicines (medicines derived from plants) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004448.pub7
  16. Oringanje, C., Nemecek, E., & Oniyangi, O. (2020). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007001.pub5
  17. Padhani, Z., Moazzam, Z., Ashraf, A., Bilal, H., Salam, R., Das, J., & Bhutta, Z. (2021). Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013134.pub3
  18. Palmer, M., Henschke, N., Bergman, H., Villanueva, G., Maayan, N., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., Glenton, C., Lewin, S., Fønhus, M., & et al. (2020). Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013679
  19. Palmer, M., Henschke, N., Villanueva, G., Maayan, N., Bergman, H., Glenton, C., Lewin, S., Fønhus, M., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., & et al. (2020). Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013680
  20. Paludan-Müller, A., Boesen, K., Klerings, I., Jørgensen, K., & Munkholm, K. (2020). Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013597
  21. Pantoja, T., Peñaloza, B., Cid, C., Herrera, C., Ramsay, C., & Hudson, J. (2022). Pharmaceutical policies : Effects of regulating drug insurance schemes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011703.pub2
  22. Pega, F., Pabayo, R., Benny, C., Lee, E.-Y., Lhachimi, S., & Liu, S. (2022). Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities : Effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3
  23. Pellicori, P., Doolub, G., Wong, C., Lee, K., Mangion, K., Ahmad, M., Berry, C., Squire, I., Lambiase, P., Lyon, A., & et al. (2021). COVID‐19 and its cardiovascular effects : A systematic review of prevalence studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013879
  24. Perez Chacon, G., Ramsay, J., Brennan-Jones, C., Estcourt, M., Richmond, P., Holt, P., & Snelling, T. (2021). Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013682.pub2
  25. Petkovic, J., Duench, S., Trawin, J., Dewidar, O., Pardo Pardo, J., Simeon, R., DesMeules, M., Gagnon, D., Hatcher Roberts, J., Hossain, A., & et al. (2021). Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012932.pub2
  26. Pinart, M., Rueda, J.-R., Romero, G., Pinzón-Flórez, C., Osorio-Arango, K., Silveira Maia-Elkhoury, A., Reveiz, L., Elias, V., & Tweed, J. (2020). Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004834.pub3
  27. Pizarro, A., Persad, E., Durao, S., Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Engela-Volker, J., McElvenny, D., Rhodes, S., Stocking, K., Fletcher, T., Martin, C., & et al. (2022). Workplace interventions to reduce the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection outside of healthcare settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015112.pub2
  28. Pollock, A., Campbell, P., Cheyne, J., Cowie, J., Davis, B., McCallum, J., McGill, K., Elders, A., Hagen, S., McClurg, D., & et al. (2020). Interventions to support the resilience and mental health of frontline health and social care professionals during and after a disease outbreak, epidemic or pandemic : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013779
  29. Popp, M., Reis, S., Schießer, S., Hausinger, Ri., Stegemann, M., Metzendorf, M.-I., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2022). Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3
  30. Popp, M., Stegemann, M., Riemer, M., Metzendorf, M.-I., Romero, C., Mikolajewska, A., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2021). Antibiotics for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015025
  31. Pugh, D., O’Sullivan, E., Duthie, F., Masson, P., & Kavanagh, D. (2021). Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012862.pub2
  32. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Nevitt, S. (2022). Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub3
  33. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Owusu-Ofori, S. (2021). Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub5
  34. Reis, S., Metzendorf, M.-I., Kuehn, R., Popp, M., Gagyor, I., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2022). Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub2
  35. Robertson, N., Schoonees, A., Brand, A., & Visser, J. (2020). Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
  36. Sathianathen, N., Oestreich, M., Brown, Sj., Gupta, S., Konety, B., Dahm, P., & Kunath, F. (2020). Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013245.pub2
  37. Schmidt, S., Kunath, F., Coles, B., Draeger, D., Krabbe, L., Dersch, R., Kilian, S., Jensen, K., Dahm, P., & Meerpohl, J. (2020). Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011935.pub2
  38. Sharif, S., Heath, P., Oddie, S., & McGuire, W. (2022). Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014067.pub2
  39. Simpson, T., Clarkson, J., Worthington, H., MacDonald, L., Weldon, J., Needleman, I., Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Wild, S., Qureshi, A., Walker, A., & et al. (2022). Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub4
  40. Singh, B., Ryan, H., Kredo, T., Chaplin, M., & Fletcher, T. (2021). Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2
  41. Singh, J., Shah, N., & Mudano, A. (2021). Belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010668.pub2
  42. Spinks, A., Glasziou, P., & Del Mar, C. (2021). Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5
  43. Staley, H., Shiraz, A., Shreeve, N., Bryant, A., Martin-Hirsch, P., & Gajjar, K. (2021). Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002834.pub3
  44. Stegeman, I., Ochodo, E., Guleid, F., Holtman, GA., Yang, B., Davenport, C., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Dittrich, S., Emperador, D., & et al. (2020). Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013787
  45. Stephens, M., Bartley, C., & Dumville, J. (2022). Pressure redistributing static chairs for preventing pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013644.pub2
  46. Stratil, J., Biallas, R., Burns, J., Arnold, L., Geffert, K., Kunzler, A., Monsef, I., Stadelmaier, J., Wabnitz, K., Litwin, T., & et al. (2021). Non‐pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long‐term care facilities to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections and their consequences : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015085.pub2
  47. Stroehlein, J., Wallqvist, J., Iannizzi, C., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Benstoem, C., Meybohm, P., Becker, M., Skoetz, N., Stegemann, M., & et al. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19 : A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015043
  48. Struyf, T., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C., Leeflang, M., Spijker, R., Hooft, L., Emperador, D., Domen, J., & et al. (2022). Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3
  49. Taylor, M., Thomas, R., Oliver, S., & Garner, P. (2022). Community views on mass drug administration for filariasis : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013638.pub2
  50. Tian, F., Jiang, Q., Chen, J., & Liu, Z. (2023). Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013878.pub2
  51. Valipour, A., Jäger, M., Wu, P., Schmitt, J., Bunch, C., & Weberschock, T. (2020). Interventions for mycosis fungoides. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008946.pub3
  52. Vallejo, M., Reyes, P., Martinez Garcia, M., & Gonzalez Garay, A. (2020). Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004102.pub3
  53. Vasudevan, L., Glenton, C., Henschke, N., Maayan, N., Eyers, J., Fønhus, M., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., & Lewin, S. (2021). Birth and death notification via mobile devices : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012909.pub2
  54. Verbeek, J., Rajamaki, B., Ijaz, S., Sauni, R., Toomey, E., Blackwood, B., Tikka, C., Ruotsalainen, J., & Kilinc Balci, F. (2020). Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5
  55. Vonasek, B., Ness, T., Takwoingi, Y., Kay, A., van Wyk, S., Ouellette, L., Marais, B., Steingart, K., & Mandalakas, A. (2021). Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013693.pub2
  56. Wagner, C., Griesel, M., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Fischer, A.-L., Stegemann, M., Spagl, M., Nair, Aa., Daniel, J., Fichtner, F., & et al. (2022). Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 : Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014963.pub2
  57. Walters, G., Willis, N., Cooper, T., & Craig, J. (2020). Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003232.pub4
  58. Webster, K., O’Byrne, L., MacKeith, S., Philpott, C., Hopkins, C., & Burton, M. (2022). Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013877.pub3
  59. Welch, V., Dewidar, O., Tanjong Ghogomu, E., Abdisalam, S., Al Ameer, A., Barbeau, V., Brand, K., Kebedom, K., Benkhalti, M., Kristjansson, E., & et al. (2022). How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000028.pub3
  60. Zhao, Y., Dong, B., & Hao, Q. (2022). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4
  61. Zhu, J., Yuan, Y., Wan, X., Yin, D., Li, R., Chen, W., Suo, C., & Song, H. (2021). Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011300.pub3

Cervical Cancer

 

  1. 1. Abdullahi, L., Kagina, B., Ndze, V., Hussey, G., & Wiysonge, C. (2020). Improving vaccination uptake among adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011895.pub2
  2. Agarwal, S., Glenton, C., Henschke, N., Tamrat, T., Bergman, H., Fønhus, M., Mehl, G., & Lewin, S. (2020). Tracking health commodity inventory and notifying stock levels via mobile devices : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012907.pub2
  3. Andreas, M., Iannizzi, C., Bohndorf, E., Monsef, I., Piechotta, V., Meerpohl, J., & Skoetz, N. (2022). Interventions to increase COVID‐19 vaccine uptake : A scoping review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015270
  4. Andreas, M., Piechotta, V., Skoetz, N., Grummich, K., Becker, M., Joos, L., Becker, G., Meissner, W., & Boehlke, C. (2021). Interventions for palliative symptom control in COVID‐19 patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015061
  5. Anglemyer, A., Moore, T., Parker, L., Chambers, T., Grady, A., Chiu, K., Parry, M., Wilczynska, M., Flemyng, E., & Bero, L. (2020). Digital contact tracing technologies in epidemics : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013699
  6. Bergman, H., Henschke, N., Hungerford, D., Pitan, F., Ndwandwe, D., Cunliffe, N., & Soares-Weiser, K. (2021). Vaccines for preventing rotavirus diarrhoea : Vaccines in use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008521.pub6
  7. 7. Bofill Rodriguez, M., Lethaby, A., Farquhar, C., & Duffy, J. (2020). Interventions commonly available during pandemics for heavy menstrual bleeding : An overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013651.pub2
  8. Broderick, C., Kobayashi, S., Suto, M., Ito, S., & Kobayashi, T. (2023). Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014884.pub2
  9. Burns, J., Movsisyan, A., Stratil, J., Biallas, R., Coenen, M., Emmert-Fees, K., Geffert, K., Hoffmann, S., Horstick, O., Laxy, M., & et al. (2021). International travel‐related control measures to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013717.pub2
  10. Burton, M., Clarkson, J., Goulao, B., Glenny, A.-M., McBain, A., Schilder, A., Webster, K., & Worthington, H. (2020a). Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013627.pub2
  11. Burton, M., Clarkson, J., Goulao, B., Glenny, A.-M., McBain, A., Schilder, A., Webster, K., & Worthington, H. (2020b). Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking aerosol‐generating procedures (AGPs) on patients without suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013628.pub2
  12. Burton, M., Clarkson, J., Goulao, B., Glenny, A.-M., McBain, A., Schilder, A., Webster, K., & Worthington, H. (2020c). Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating patients with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013626.pub2
  13. Cheetham, S., Ngo, H., Liira, J., & Liira, H. (2021). Education and training for preventing sharps injuries and splash exposures in healthcare workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012060.pub2
  14. Chong, L.-Y., Head, K., Webster, K., Daw, J., Richmond, P., Snelling, T., Bhutta, M., Schilder, A., Burton, M., & Brennan-Jones, C. (2021a). Systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013052.pub2
  15. Chong, L.-Y., Head, K., Webster, K., Daw, J., Richmond, P., Snelling, T., Bhutta, M., Schilder, A., Burton, M., & Brennan-Jones, C. (2021b). Topical versus systemic antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013053.pub2
  16. Chuai, Y., Rizzuto, I., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Dai, G., Otter, S., Bharathan, R., Stewart, A., & Wang, A. (2021). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting therapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013348.pub2
  17. Cochrane, A., Chen, C., Stephen, J., Rønning, O., Anderson, C., Hankey, G., & Al-Shahi Salman, R. (2023). Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012144.pub3
  18. Cohen, J., Pauchard, J.-Y., Hjelm, N., Cohen, R., & Chalumeau, M. (2020). Efficacy and safety of rapid tests to guide antibiotic prescriptions for sore throat. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012431.pub2
  19. Conterno, L., Turchi, M., Corrêa, I., & Monteiro de Barros Almeida, R. (2020). Anthelmintic drugs for treating ascariasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010599.pub2
  20. Cooke, G., Watson, C., Deckx, L., Pirotta, M., Smith, J., & van Driel, M. (2022). Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009151.pub2
  21. Cooper, S., Schmidt, B.-M., Sambala, E., Swartz, A., Colvin, C., Leon, N., & Wiysonge, C. (2021). Factors that influence parents’ and informal caregivers’ views and practices regarding routine childhood vaccination : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013265.pub2
  22. Cross, A., Liang, J., Thomas, D., Zairina, E., Abramson, M., & George, J. (2022). Educational interventions for health professionals managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012652.pub2
  23. Davidson, M., Menon, S., Chaimani, A., Evrenoglou, T., Ghosn, L., Graña, C., Henschke, N., Cogo, E., Villanueva, G., Ferrand, G., & et al. (2022). Interleukin‐1 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015308
  24. De Sutter, A., Eriksson, L., & van Driel, M. (2022). Oral antihistamine‐decongestant‐analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004976.pub4
  25. Dennett, E., Janjua, S., Stovold, E., Harrison, S., McDonnell, M., & Holland, A. (2021). Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one other long‐term condition : A mixed methods review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013384.pub2
  26. de Sévaux, J., Venekamp, R., Lutje, V., Hak, E., Schilder, A., Sanders, E., & Damoiseaux, R. (2020). Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001480.pub6
  27. Di Pietrantonj, C., Rivetti, A., Marchione, P., Debalini, M., & Demicheli, V. (2021). Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5
  28. Diaconu, K., Falconer, J., Verbel, A., Fretheim, A., & Witter, S. (2021). Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007899.pub3
  29. Dinnes, J., Sharma, P., Berhane, S., van Wyk, S., Nyaaba, N., Domen, J., Taylor, M., Cunningham, J., Davenport, C., Dittrich, S., & et al. (2022). Rapid, point‐of‐care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3
  30. Doody, C., Robertson, L., Cox, K., Bogue, J., Egan, J., & Sarma, K. (2021). Pre‐deployment programmes for building resilience in military and frontline emergency service personnel. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013242.pub2
  31. Durao, S., Visser, M., Ramokolo, V., Oliveira, J., Schmidt, B.-M., Balakrishna, Y., Brand, A., Kristjansson, E., & Schoonees, A. (2020). Community‐level interventions for improving access to food in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011504.pub3
  32. Ebrahimzadeh, S., Islam, N., Dawit, H., Salameh, J.-P., Kazi, S., Fabiano, N., Treanor, L., Absi, M., Ahmad, F., Rooprai, P., & et al. (2022). Thoracic imaging tests for the diagnosis of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013639.pub5
  33. Esu, E., Oringanje, C., & Meremikwu, M. (2021). Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011525.pub3
  34. Filippini, G., Kruja, J., & Del Giovane, C. (2021). Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013874.pub2
  35. Fortescue, R., Kew, K., & Leung, Ms. T. (2020). Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011293.pub3
  36. Fox, T., Geppert, J., Dinnes, J., Scandrett, K., Bigio, J., Sulis, G., Hettiarachchi, D., Mathangasinghe, Y., Weeratunga, P., Wickramasinghe, D., & et al. (2022). Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013652.pub2
  37. Fraser, A., & Poole, P. (2022). Immunostimulants versus placebo for preventing exacerbations in adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013343.pub2
  38. Garegnani, L., Hyland, M., Roson Rodriguez, P., Escobar Liquitay, C., & Franco, J. (2021). Antioxidants to prevent respiratory decline in people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and progressive respiratory decline. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013720.pub3
  39. Garegnani, L., Styrmisdóttir, L., Roson Rodriguez, P., Escobar Liquitay, C., Esteban, I., & Franco, J. (2021). Palivizumab for preventing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013757.pub2
  40. Gavine, A., Shinwell, S., Buchanan, P., Farre, A., Wade, A., Lynn, F., Marshall, J., Cumming, S., Dare, S., & McFadden, A. (2022). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub6
  41. Ghosn, L., Chaimani, A., Evrenoglou, T., Davidson, M., Graña, C., Schmucker, C., Bollig, C., Henschke, N., Sguassero, Y., Nejstgaard, C., & et al. (2021). Interleukin‐6 blocking agents for treating COVID‐19 : A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013881
  42. Glenton, C., Carlsen, B., Lewin, S., Wennekes, M., Winje, B., & Eilers, R. (2021). Healthcare workers’ perceptions and experiences of communicating with people over 50 years of age about vaccination : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013706.pub2
  43. Gorry, C., McCullagh, L., O’Donnell, H., Barrett, S., Schmitz, S., Barry, M., Curtin, K., Beausang, E., Barry, R., & Coyne, I. (2023). Neoadjuvant treatment for stage III and IV cutaneous melanoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012974.pub2
  44. Graña, C., Ghosn, L., Evrenoglou, T., Jarde, A., Minozzi, S., Bergman, H., Buckley, B., Probyn, K., Villanueva, G., Henschke, N., & et al. (2022). Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015477
  45. Grande, A., Keogh, J., Silva, V., & Scott, A. (2020). Exercise versus no exercise for the occurrence, severity, and duration of acute respiratory infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010596.pub3
  46. Griesel, M., Wagner, C., Mikolajewska, A., Stegemann, M., Fichtner, F., Metzendorf, M.-I., Nair, Aa., Daniel, J., Fischer, A.-L., & Skoetz, N. (2022). Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015125
  47. Grundeis, F., Ansems, K., Dahms, K., Thieme, V., Metzendorf, M.-I., Skoetz, N., Benstoem, C., Mikolajewska, A., Griesel, M., Fichtner, F., & et al. (2023). Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014962.pub2
  48. Han, M., Maisch, P., Jung, J., Hwang, J., Narayan, V., Cleves, A., Hwang, E., & Dahm, P. (2021). Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009294.pub3
  49. Hannon, C., McCourt, C., Lima, H., Chen, S., & Bennett, C. (2021). Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007478.pub2
  50. Hawke, K., King, D., van Driel, M., & McGuire, T. (2022). Homeopathic medicinal products for preventing and treating acute respiratory tract infections in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005974.pub6
  51. Head, K., Chong, L., Bhutta, M., Morris, P., Vijayasekaran, S., Burton, M., Schilder, A., & Brennan‐Jones, C. (2020). Topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013055.pub2
  52. Head, K., Chong, L.-Y., Bhutta, M., Morris, P., Vijayasekaran, S., Burton, M., Schilder, A., & Brennan-Jones, C. (2020). Antibiotics versus topical antiseptics for chronic suppurative otitis media. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013056.pub2
  53. Herrod, P., Doleman, B., Hardy, E., Hardy, P., Maloney, T., Williams, J., & Lund, J. (2022). Dressings and topical agents for the management of open wounds after surgical treatment for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013439.pub2
  54. Hirsch, C., Park, Y., Piechotta, V., Chai, K., Estcourt, L., Monsef, I., Salomon, S., Wood, E., So-Osman, C., McQuilten, Z., & et al. (2022). SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies to prevent COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014945.pub2
  55. Hofmann, F., Hwang, E., Lam, T., Bex, A., Yuan, Y., Marconi, L., & Ljungberg, B. (2020). Targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012796.pub2
  56. Houghton, C., Dowling, M., Meskell, P., Hunter, A., Gardner, H., Conway, A., Treweek, S., Sutcliffe, K., Noyes, J., Devane, D., & et al. (2020). Factors that impact on recruitment to randomised trials in health care : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000045.pub2
  57. Iannizzi, C., Chai, K., Piechotta, V., Valk, S., Kimber, C., Monsef, I., Wood, E., Lamikanra, A., Roberts, D., McQuilten, Z., & et al. (2023). Convalescent plasma for people with COVID‐19 : A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub5
  58. Imdad, A., Mayo-Wilson, E., Haykal, M., Regan, A., Sidhu, J., Smith, A., & Bhutta, Z. (2022). Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub4
  59. Janjua, S., Carter, D., Threapleton, C., Prigmore, S., & Disler, R. (2021). Telehealth interventions : Remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013196.pub2
  60. Janjua, S., Pike, K., Carr, R., Coles, A., Fortescue, R., & Batavia, M. (2021). Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013381.pub2
  61. Jefferson, T., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L., van Driel, M., Bawazeer, G., Jones, M., Hoffmann, T., Clark, J., Beller, E., & et al. (2023). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6
  62. Jia, L., Meng, Q., Scott, A., Yuan, B., & Zhang, L. (2021). Payment methods for healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011865.pub2
  63. Jiang, Q., Chen, J., Tian, F., & Liu, Z. (2021). Silicone gel sheeting for treating hypertrophic scars. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013357.pub2
  64. Kay, A., Ness, T., Verkuijl, S., Viney, K., Brands, A., Masini, T., González Fernández, L., Eisenhut, M., Detjen, A., Mandalakas, A., & et al. (2022). Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay for tuberculosis disease and rifampicin resistance in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013359.pub3
  65. Kikuchi, S., Imai, H., Tani, Y., Tajiri, T., & Watanabe, N. (2020). Proton pump inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013113.pub2
  66. Kimber, C., Valk, S., Chai, K., Piechotta, V., Iannizzi, C., Monsef, I., Wood, E., Lamikanra, A., Roberts, D., McQuilten, Z., & et al. (2023). Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015167.pub2
  67. Kokka, F., Bryant, A., Olaitan, A., Brockbank, E., Powell, M., & Oram, D. (2022). Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010260.pub3
  68. Kornelsen, E., Mahant, S., Parkin, P., Ren, L., Reginald, Y., Shah, S., & Gill, P. (2021). Corticosteroids for periorbital and orbital cellulitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013535.pub2
  69. Kramer, A., Prinz, C., Fichtner, F., Fischer, A.-L., Thieme, V., Grundeis, F., Spagl, M., Seeber, C., Piechotta, V., Metzendorf, M.-I., & et al. (2022). Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015209
  70. Kratzer, S., Pfadenhauer, L., Biallas, R., Featherstone, R., Klinger, C., Movsisyan, A., Rabe, J., Stadelmaier, J., Rehfuess, E., Wabnitz, K., & et al. (2022). Unintended consequences of measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic : A scoping review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015397
  71. Kreuzberger, N., Hirsch, C., Andreas, M., Böhm, L., Bröckelmann, P., Di Cristanziano, V., Golinski, M., Hausinger, Ri., Mellinghoff, S., Lange, B., & et al. (2022). Immunity after COVID‐19 vaccination in people with higher risk of compromised immune status : A scoping review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015021
  72. Kreuzberger, N., Hirsch, C., Chai, K., Tomlinson, E., Khosravi, Z., Popp, M., Neidhardt, M., Piechotta, V., Salomon, S., Valk, S., & et al. (2021). SARS‐CoV‐2‐neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013825.pub2
  73. Krishnaratne, S., Littlecott, H., Sell, K., Burns, J., Rabe, J., Stratil, J., Litwin, T., Kreutz, C., Coenen, M., Geffert, K., & et al. (2022). Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015029
  74. Krishnaratne, S., Pfadenhauer, L., Coenen, M., Geffert, K., Jung-Sievers, C., Klinger, C., Kratzer, S., Littlecott, H., Movsisyan, A., Rabe, J., & et al. (2020). Measures implemented in the school setting to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic : A rapid scoping review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013812
  75. Kuehn, R., Stoesser, N., Eyre, D., Darton, T., Basnyat, B., & Parry, C. (2022). Treatment of enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) with cephalosporins. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010452.pub2
  76. Lee, A., Arasaratnam, M., Chan, Dl. H., Khasraw, M., Howell, V., & Wheeler, H. (2020). Anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for glioblastoma in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013238.pub2
  77. Liu, S.-H., Hawkins, B., Ng, S., Ren, M., Leslie, L., Han, G., & Kuo, I. (2022). Topical pharmacologic interventions versus placebo for epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013520.pub2
  78. Lorentzen, A., Davis, C., & Penninga, L. (2020). Interventions for frostbite injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012980.pub2
  79. McBain, C., Lawrie, T., Rogozińska, E., Kernohan, A., Robinson, T., & Jefferies, S. (2021). Treatment options for progression or recurrence of glioblastoma : A network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013579.pub2
  80. Mikolajewska, A., Fischer, A.-L., Piechotta, V., Mueller, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Becker, M., Dorando, E., Pacheco, R., Martimbianco, A., Riera, R., & et al. (2021). Colchicine for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015045
  81. Montesinos-Guevara, C., Buitrago-Garcia, D., Felix, M., Guerra, C., Hidalgo, R., Martinez-Zapata, M., & Simancas-Racines, D. (2022). Vaccines for the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002190.pub6
  82. Norman, G., Wong, J., Amin, K., Dumville, J., & Pramod, S. (2022). Reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012032.pub3
  83. Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Siebert, U., Ledinger, D., Zachariah, C., & et al. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID‐19 : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013574.pub2
  84. Nyirenda, J., Sofroniou, M., Toews, I., Mikolajewska, A., Lehane, C., Monsef, I., Abu-taha, A., Maun, A., Stegemann, M., & Schmucker, C. (2022). Fluvoxamine for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015391
  85. Obiero, J., Ogongo, P., Mwethera, P., & Wiysonge, C. (2021). Topical microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007961.pub3
  86. O’Byrne, L., Webster, K., MacKeith, S., Philpott, C., Hopkins, C., & Burton, M. (2022). Interventions for the treatment of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013876.pub3
  87. O’Connell, N., Ferraro, M., Gibson, W., Rice, A., Vase, L., Coyle, D., & Eccleston, C. (2021). Implanted spinal neuromodulation interventions for chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013756.pub2
  88. Oliphant, N., Manda, S., Daniels, K., Odendaal, W., Besada, D., Kinney, M., White Johansson, E., & Doherty, T. (2021). Integrated community case management of childhood illness in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012882.pub2
  89. Oniyangi, O., & Cohall, D. (2020). Phytomedicines (medicines derived from plants) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004448.pub7
  90. Oringanje, C., Nemecek, E., & Oniyangi, O. (2020). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007001.pub5
  91. Padhani, Z., Moazzam, Z., Ashraf, A., Bilal, H., Salam, R., Das, J., & Bhutta, Z. (2021). Vitamin C supplementation for prevention and treatment of pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013134.pub3
  92. Palmer, M., Henschke, N., Bergman, H., Villanueva, G., Maayan, N., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., Glenton, C., Lewin, S., Fønhus, M., & et al. (2020). Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013679
  93. Palmer, M., Henschke, N., Villanueva, G., Maayan, N., Bergman, H., Glenton, C., Lewin, S., Fønhus, M., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., & et al. (2020). Targeted client communication via mobile devices for improving sexual and reproductive health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013680
  94. Paludan-Müller, A., Boesen, K., Klerings, I., Jørgensen, K., & Munkholm, K. (2020). Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013597
  95. Pantoja, T., Peñaloza, B., Cid, C., Herrera, C., Ramsay, C., & Hudson, J. (2022). Pharmaceutical policies : Effects of regulating drug insurance schemes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011703.pub2
  96. Pega, F., Pabayo, R., Benny, C., Lee, E.-Y., Lhachimi, S., & Liu, S. (2022). Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities : Effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3
  97. Pellicori, P., Doolub, G., Wong, C., Lee, K., Mangion, K., Ahmad, M., Berry, C., Squire, I., Lambiase, P., Lyon, A., & et al. (2021). COVID‐19 and its cardiovascular effects : A systematic review of prevalence studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013879
  98. Perez Chacon, G., Ramsay, J., Brennan-Jones, C., Estcourt, M., Richmond, P., Holt, P., & Snelling, T. (2021). Whole‐cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013682.pub2
  99. Petkovic, J., Duench, S., Trawin, J., Dewidar, O., Pardo Pardo, J., Simeon, R., DesMeules, M., Gagnon, D., Hatcher Roberts, J., Hossain, A., & et al. (2021). Behavioural interventions delivered through interactive social media for health behaviour change, health outcomes, and health equity in the adult population. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012932.pub2
  100. Pinart, M., Rueda, J.-R., Romero, G., Pinzón-Flórez, C., Osorio-Arango, K., Silveira Maia-Elkhoury, A., Reveiz, L., Elias, V., & Tweed, J. (2020). Interventions for American cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004834.pub3
  101. Pizarro, A., Persad, E., Durao, S., Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Engela-Volker, J., McElvenny, D., Rhodes, S., Stocking, K., Fletcher, T., Martin, C., & et al. (2022). Workplace interventions to reduce the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection outside of healthcare settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015112.pub2
  102. Pollock, A., Campbell, P., Cheyne, J., Cowie, J., Davis, B., McCallum, J., McGill, K., Elders, A., Hagen, S., McClurg, D., & et al. (2020). Interventions to support the resilience and mental health of frontline health and social care professionals during and after a disease outbreak, epidemic or pandemic : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013779
  103. Popp, M., Reis, S., Schießer, S., Hausinger, Ri., Stegemann, M., Metzendorf, M.-I., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2022). Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3
  104. Popp, M., Stegemann, M., Riemer, M., Metzendorf, M.-I., Romero, C., Mikolajewska, A., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2021). Antibiotics for the treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015025
  105. Pugh, D., O’Sullivan, E., Duthie, F., Masson, P., & Kavanagh, D. (2021). Interventions for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012862.pub2
  106. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Nevitt, S. (2022). Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002202.pub3
  107. Rankine-Mullings, A., & Owusu-Ofori, S. (2021). Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub5
  108. Reis, S., Metzendorf, M.-I., Kuehn, R., Popp, M., Gagyor, I., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2022). Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015395.pub2
  109. Robertson, N., Schoonees, A., Brand, A., & Visser, J. (2020). Pine bark (Pinus spp.) extract for treating chronic disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008294.pub5
  110. Sathianathen, N., Oestreich, M., Brown, Sj., Gupta, S., Konety, B., Dahm, P., & Kunath, F. (2020). Abiraterone acetate in combination with androgen deprivation therapy compared to androgen deprivation therapy only for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013245.pub2
  111. Schmidt, S., Kunath, F., Coles, B., Draeger, D., Krabbe, L., Dersch, R., Kilian, S., Jensen, K., Dahm, P., & Meerpohl, J. (2020). Intravesical Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011935.pub2
  112. Sharif, S., Heath, P., Oddie, S., & McGuire, W. (2022). Synbiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014067.pub2
  113. Simpson, T., Clarkson, J., Worthington, H., MacDonald, L., Weldon, J., Needleman, I., Iheozor-Ejiofor, Z., Wild, S., Qureshi, A., Walker, A., & et al. (2022). Treatment of periodontitis for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub4
  114. Singh, B., Ryan, H., Kredo, T., Chaplin, M., & Fletcher, T. (2021). Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013587.pub2
  115. Singh, J., Shah, N., & Mudano, A. (2021). Belimumab for systemic lupus erythematosus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010668.pub2
  116. Spinks, A., Glasziou, P., & Del Mar, C. (2021). Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5
  117. Staley, H., Shiraz, A., Shreeve, N., Bryant, A., Martin-Hirsch, P., & Gajjar, K. (2021). Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002834.pub3
  118. Stegeman, I., Ochodo, E., Guleid, F., Holtman, GA., Yang, B., Davenport, C., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Dittrich, S., Emperador, D., & et al. (2020). Routine laboratory testing to determine if a patient has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013787
  119. Stephens, M., Bartley, C., & Dumville, J. (2022). Pressure redistributing static chairs for preventing pressure ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013644.pub2
  120. Stratil, J., Biallas, R., Burns, J., Arnold, L., Geffert, K., Kunzler, A., Monsef, I., Stadelmaier, J., Wabnitz, K., Litwin, T., & et al. (2021). Non‐pharmacological measures implemented in the setting of long‐term care facilities to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections and their consequences : A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015085.pub2
  121. Stroehlein, J., Wallqvist, J., Iannizzi, C., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Benstoem, C., Meybohm, P., Becker, M., Skoetz, N., Stegemann, M., & et al. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation for the treatment of COVID‐19 : A living systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015043
  122. Struyf, T., Deeks, J., Dinnes, J., Takwoingi, Y., Davenport, C., Leeflang, M., Spijker, R., Hooft, L., Emperador, D., Domen, J., & et al. (2022). Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID‐19. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub3
  123. Taylor, M., Thomas, R., Oliver, S., & Garner, P. (2022). Community views on mass drug administration for filariasis : A qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013638.pub2
  124. Tian, F., Jiang, Q., Chen, J., & Liu, Z. (2023). Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013878.pub2
  125. Vallejo, M., Reyes, P., Martinez Garcia, M., & Gonzalez Garay, A. (2020). Trypanocidal drugs for late‐stage, symptomatic Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi infection). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004102.pub3
  126. Vasudevan, L., Glenton, C., Henschke, N., Maayan, N., Eyers, J., Fønhus, M., Tamrat, T., Mehl, G., & Lewin, S. (2021). Birth and death notification via mobile devices : A mixed methods systematic review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012909.pub2
  127. Verbeek, J., Rajamaki, B., Ijaz, S., Sauni, R., Toomey, E., Blackwood, B., Tikka, C., Ruotsalainen, J., & Kilinc Balci, F. (2020). Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5
  128. Vonasek, B., Ness, T., Takwoingi, Y., Kay, A., van Wyk, S., Ouellette, L., Marais, B., Steingart, K., & Mandalakas, A. (2021). Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013693.pub2
  129. Wagner, C., Griesel, M., Mikolajewska, A., Metzendorf, M.-I., Fischer, A.-L., Stegemann, M., Spagl, M., Nair, Aa., Daniel, J., Fichtner, F., & et al. (2022). Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID‐19 : Equity‐related analyses and update on evidence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD014963.pub2
  130. Walters, G., Willis, N., Cooper, T., & Craig, J. (2020). Interventions for renal vasculitis in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003232.pub4
  131. Webster, K., O’Byrne, L., MacKeith, S., Philpott, C., Hopkins, C., & Burton, M. (2022). Interventions for the prevention of persistent post‐COVID‐19 olfactory dysfunction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013877.pub3
  132. Welch, V., Dewidar, O., Tanjong Ghogomu, E., Abdisalam, S., Al Ameer, A., Barbeau, V., Brand, K., Kebedom, K., Benkhalti, M., Kristjansson, E., & et al. (2022). How effects on health equity are assessed in systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000028.pub3
  133. 133. Zhao, Y., Dong, B., & Hao, Q. (2022). Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4
  134. Zhu, J., Yuan, Y., Wan, X., Yin, D., Li, R., Chen, W., Suo, C., & Song, H. (2021). Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011300.pub3

 

 

 

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